There are three forms of AMD: “wet”, “dry”, and geographic atrophic. AMD always starts out “dry”, with small, yellowish spots, called drusen, collecting under the retina. Dry AMD often causes distortion and grey or missing areas in our central vision.

Sometimes, AMD advances to the “wet” or geographic atrophic types. In the “wet” form, new weak blood vessels form under the retina. These weak blood vessels will leak blood under the retina. If treated early, functional vision can generally be maintained.

In the geographic atrophic form, areas of the retina start to die off, leading to expanding blind spots. Until very recently there were no treatments for geographic atrophic AMD.

Age is a major risk factor in developing AMD. Genetics can also play a role in the condition. While we cannot reverse aging or change genetics, there are other important risk factors that can be modified, like lifestyle choices.

Eliminating any tobacco use is the most important change to make. After that, patients should focus on getting good nutrition, taking frequent exercise, and working with their primary care physician to manage co-morbid conditions (like high blood pressure and diabetes). In addition to eating a healthy diet, supplementing your nutritional intake with macular pigments and omega-3 fish oils can reduce the risk of developing AMD or slow its progress. Talk to your doctor about which supplements are right for you.

Like many conditions, early detection is crucial in managing AMD. Regular comprehensive eye health exams are imperative to identify the condition early. Remember that, while AMD primarily affects the individual and their vision, the societal impact extends well beyond, affecting families, caregivers, and healthcare systems. Make sure to follow the steps above to ensure that your vision stays sharp and you get to enjoy everything this world has to offer.